The 0.25 Degree climate data set in the northeastern part of the Tibetan Plateau from 1957 to 2009 contains four meteorological elements, which are precipitation, maximum and minimum temperatures, and wind speed. The time resolution is daily. The data set contains 2400 text files, each with precipitation (the 1st column), highest (the 2nd column) and lowest (the 3rd column) temperatures and wind speed (the 4th column). Each file name contains latitude and longitude. Each file represents the four meteorological element values for the corresponding grid point (0.25*0.25 degrees). These data are formed by gridding the observation data of 81 meteorological stations in the northeast of the plateau, considering the change of meteorological conditions with the elevation. The gridding methods and steps are as follows. Download the original daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, and wind speed from the China Meteorological Data Network (http://data.cma.cn). Then, perform quality control on the data. The principle used is 1) to remove daily precipitations below 0 and greater than 150 mm, daily temperatures below -50 °C and greater than 50 °C and wind speeds below 0 m / s, 2) draw annual sequence precipitation, temperature and wind speed, check for abnormal year-to-year changes, and conduct quality control through station migration records. For data with abnormal changes but with station migration records, the data are segmented by modifying the station name. For example, at Xining Station (52866), abnormal temperature changes occurred in 1996, which was found through records that Xining Station migrated after 1996. Therefore, the records before 1996 are recorded as virtual station 52867 data, and after 1996, the data are still recorded as 52866 stations. If the data change abnormally but there is no station migration record, the abnormally changed data are eliminated, for example, the data from Delingha Station before 1975. Some stations have migration records, but the data do not change abnormally; then, it is assumed that the stations before and after the migration are still in the same climate environment, so there is no change in station name and data record. Interpolation begins after quality control. The method begins with (1) calculating the changes in daily average temperature, precipitation and wind speed as the altitude changes. It is concluded that the temperature decreases with altitude by 4.3 °C/km, and the coefficient of determination R2 is 0.65. In the warm and humid season (from May to September), the average daily precipitation has an insignificant increase with altitude (0.5 mm/km, R2 is 0.1). The average daily precipitation in the cold dry season (from October to April) does not change with altitude. The wind speed also has an insignificant increase with altitude, with an increase rate of 0.4 m/s/km and R2 of 0.1. (2) The spatial interpolation is performed using the Synographic Mapping System (SYMAP, Shepard, 1984) method. In this method, the distance between stations and the angle between surrounding stations are taken into account in interpolation to indicate the density of stations. The distance and angle are integrated into a weight. In addition, the stations that are close and have a large angle between each other are given a large weight. (3) The latitude and longitude of the station, the meteorological element value, the altitude, the rate of change with the altitude, and the weight are considered simultaneously, and the value of the target grid is interpolated. The maximum search range for interpolation is 55 stations around, and the smallest search range is 4 stations around. (4) Integrate the precipitation in the warm and dry seasons to form a precipitation sequence throughout the period. (5) During the method test period, some stations are set aside to check the gridded data. (6) After the verification is passed, all 81 stations are used in the final gridding process and form this set of data sets. Shepard, D. S., 1984: Computer Mapping: The SYMAP interpolation algorithm. Spatial Statistics and Models, G.Gaile and C. Willmot, Eds., Reidel 133-145.
LAN Cuo
The data set recorded the total investment in fixed assets in Qinghai from 1980 to 2016. The data were derived from the Qinghai Society and Economics Statistical Yearbook and the Qinghai Statistical Yearbook. The accuracy of the data is consistent with that of the statistical yearbook. The table contains 11 fields. Field 1: Year Interpretation: Year of the data Field 2: Total Interpretation: Total investment in fixed assets Unit: 100,000,000 yuan Field 3: State-owned economy Interpretation: State-owned economic investment in fixed assets Unit: 100,000,000 yuan Field 4: Collective Economy Interpretation: Collective economic investment in fixed assets Unit: 100,000,000 yuan Field 5: Individual Economy Interpretation: Individual economic investment in fixed assets Unit: 100,000,000 yuan Field 6: Other types of economy Interpretation: Other economic investment in fixed assets Unit: 100,000,000 yuan Field 7: Total Growth Interpretation: Total growth of investment in fixed assets Unit: % Field 8: State-owned growth Interpretation: Growth of state-owned economic investment in fixed assets Unit: % Field 9: Collective growth Interpretation: Growth of collective economic investment in fixed assets Unit: % Field 10: Individual Growth Interpretation: Growth of individual economic investment in fixed assets Unit: % Field 11: Other growth Interpretation: Growth of other economic investment in fixed assets Unit: %
Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics, Qinghai Provincial Bureau of Statistics
The data set collected long-term monitoring projects from multiple stations for atmosphere, hydrology and soil in the North Tibetan Plateau. The data set consisted of monitoring data obtained from the automatic weather station (AWS) and the atmospheric boundary layer tower (PBL) in the field. The sensors for temperature, humidity and pressure were provided by Vaisala of Finland; the sensors for wind speed and direction were provided by Met One of America, the radiation sensors were provided by APPLEY of America and EKO of Japan; the gas analyzers were provided by Licor of America; the soil water content instrument, ultrasonic anemometers and data collectors were provided by CAMPBELL of America. The observation system was maintained by professionals regularly (2-3 times a year), the sensors were calibrated and replaced, and the collected data were downloaded and reorganized. The data set was processed by forming a time continuous sequence after the raw data were quality-controlled. It met the accuracy level of the original meteorological observation data of the National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The quality control included the elimination of the missing data and the systematic error caused by the failure of the sensor.
HU Zeyong
The precipitation dataset of the Third Pole region mainly contains two EXCEL files: (1) Daily precipitation data in China in the Third Pole region, named as China_daily.xlsx. The precipitation data in China were obtained from the China Meteorological Administration-National Meteorological Information Center (http://data.cma.gov.cn/site/index.html). (2) Daily precipitation data in other countries in the Third Pole region, named as Foreign_daily.xlsx. The precipitation data in other countries were obtained from NCDC International Climatic Data Center - NOAA Satellite Information Service Center (http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/country), Pakistan Meteorological Administration, Nepal Meteorological Administration, etc. There are seven variables in these two EXCEL data files: precipitation, corrected precipitation, correction factor, wind-induced loss, evaporation loss, wet loss, and trace precipitation. The detail characteristics of TPE stations were described in an EXCEL file either, named as "TPE station and gauge type.xls". The raw data has been strictly quality controlled by the relevant meteorological departments and has been applied in relevant academic papers.
ZHANG Yinsheng
This data set includes meteorological data observed by the carbon flux station in the Guoluo Army Ranch in Qinghai. The temporal coverage is from 2005 to 2009, and the temporal resolution is 1 day. Meteorological and carbon flux data observation methods: vorticity-related observation instruments were used for automatic recording; biomass observation method: harvest method, weighing in a 60-degree oven for 48 hours. Both carbon flux and meteorological data were automatically recorded by the instruments and manually checked. During the data observation process, the operation of the instrument and the selection of the observation objects were in strict accordance with professional requirements, and the data could be applied to plant leaf photosynthetic parameter simulation and productivity estimation. This data contains observation items as follows: Temperature °C Precipitation mm Wind speed m/s Soil temperature at 5 cm depth °C Photosynthetically active radiation µmol/m²s Total radiation W/m²
ZHAO Xinquan
The data set includes the sample survey data of alpine grassland and alpine meadow in Maduo County in September 2016. The sample size is 50cm × 50cm. The investigation contents include coverage, species name, vegetation height, biomass (dry weight and fresh weight), longitude and latitude coordinates, slope, aspect, slope position, soil type, vegetation type, surface characteristics (litter, gravel, wind erosion, water erosion, saline alkali spot, etc.), utilization mode, utilization intensity, etc.
LI Fei, Fei Li, Zhijun Zhang, Fei Li, Zhijun Zhang
Based on the existing natural hole data of 15 active layer depth monitoring sites in the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor, the active layer depth distribution map of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor was simulated using the GIPL2.0 frozen soil model. The model required synthesis of a temperature data set of time series. The temperature data were divided into two phases according to the time spans, which were 1980-2009 and 2010-2015. The data of the first phase were from the Chinese meteorological driving data set (http://dam. Itpcas.ac.cn/rs/?q=data#CMFD_0.1), and the data of the second phase was the application of MODIS surface temperature products (MOD11A1/A2 and MYD11A1/A2) with a spatial resolution of 1 km. In addition, the soil type data required by the model came from the China Soil Database (V1.1) and have a resolution of 1 km. At the same time, the topography was also considered. The research area was classified into 88 types based on the measured soil thermophysical parameters and land cover types, and then the simulation was performed. The simulation results were compared with the field measured data. The results showed that they were highly consistent, and the correlation coefficient reached 0.75. In alpine areas, the average depth of the active layer is below 2.0 m. However, in the river valleys, the average depth of the active layer is above 4.0 m. In the high plain area, the depth of the active layer is usually between 3.0 m and 4.0 m.
NIU Fujun, YIN Guoan
As the main parameter in the land surface energy balance, surface temperature indicates the degree of land-atmosphere energy and water transfer and is widely used in research on climatology, hydrology and ecology. In the study of frozen soil, climate is one of the decisive factors for the existence and development of frozen soil. The surface temperature is the main climatic factor affecting the distribution of frozen soil and affects the occurrence, development and distribution of frozen soil. It is the upper boundary condition for modelling frozen soil and is significant to the study of hydrological processes in cold regions. The data set was based on the DEM and observation station data of the Tibetan Plateau Engineering Corridor and analysed the changing trend of surface temperature on the Tibetan Plateau from 2000 to 2014. Using the surface temperature data products MOD11A1/A2 and MYD11A1/A2 of MODIS aboard Terra and Aqua, the surface temperature information under cloud cover was reconstructed based on the spatio-temporal information of the images. The reconstruction information and surface temperature representativeness problems were analysed using information obtained from 8 sites, including the Kunlun Mountains (wetland, grassland), Beiluhe (grassland, meadow), Kaixinling (meadow, grassland), and Tanggula Mountain (meadow, wetland). According to the correlation coefficient (R2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and mean deviation (MBE), the following results were obtained: (1) the reconstruction accuracy of MODIS surface temperature under cloud cover is higher when it is based on spatio-temporal information; (2) the weighted average representation is the best when generalizing four observations of Terra and Aqua. By analysing the reconstruction of MODIS surface temperature information and representativeness problems, the average annual MODIS surface temperature data of the Tibetan Plateau and the engineering corridor from 2000 to 2010 were obtained. According to the data set, the surface temperature from 2000 to 2010 also experienced volatile rising trends from 2000 to 2010, which is basically consistent with the changing trend of the climate change in the permafrost regions of the Tibetan Plateau and the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor.
NIU Fujun, YIN Guoan
The data set includes the trends of annual average temperature and rainfall changes at the three meteorological stations in the permafrost section of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor over the past 50 years. According to the recorded data, the annual average temperature is experiencing a gradually rising process. The annual average temperature change over the past 56 years in Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe has a good correlation (r2=0.83). In 1957, the average annual temperatures of Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe were -6.6 °C and -5.1 °C, respectively. By 2012, the temperatures of the two stations were -4.6 and -3.1 °C, and the total temperature has risen by approximately 2 °C. The annual average temperature rises by 0.03-0.04 °C. The annual average temperature changes over the past 47 years in Wudaoliang and Anduo also have a good correlation (r2=0.84). In 1966, the average annual temperature in Anduo was -3.0 °C. By 2012, the temperature has risen to -1.8 °C, corresponding to a total temperature rise of approximately 1.2 °C and an annual average temperature rise of 0.02-0.03 °C. The annual average temperature in Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe rose slightly faster than that in Anduo. However, the change in rainfall was more volatile than that of temperature. The correlation between the rainfall change in Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe over the past 56 years is relatively poor (r2=0.60). In 1957, the annual rainfall amounts in Wudaoliang and Tuotuohe were 302 and 309 mm, respectively. By 2012, the annual rainfall amounts at the two stations were 426 and 332 mm. Thus, the rainfall in Wudaoliang had increased by 124 mm, with an annual rainfall increase of approximately 2 mm. In contrast, the annual rainfall in Tuotuohe only increased by 0.4 mm. The correlation between the rainfall change in Wudaoliang and Anduo over the past 47 years is also poor (r2=0.35). In 1966, and 2012, the annual average rainfall amounts in Anduo were 354 and 404 mm. The total increase was approximately 50 mm, and the annual average increase was 1 mm. The annual rainfall in Wudaoliang increased the fastest. The observation data from the three meteorological stations reveal climate changes in the permafrost sections of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor. Judging from the overall trend of temperature and rainfall changes, the temperature in the northern and central parts of the corridor has increased rapidly over the past 50 years, exceeding the global average of 0.02 °C/a (IPCC). The rainfall increase in the northern part of the corridor is also obvious, especially the rate of rainfall increase at the Wudaoliang meteorological station. Increases in both temperature and rainfall have a great impact on accelerating the spatial variation in permafrost, and they are the leading cause of permafrost degradation on the Tibetan Plateau.
NIU Fujun, LIN Zhanju, YIN Guoan
The GIPL2.0 frozen soil model was used to simulate the average ground temperature distribution map of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor. The model required to synthesize temperature data set of time series. In addition, the temperature data were divided into two phases according to the time spans, which were 1980-2009 and 2010-2015. The data of the first phase were from the Chinese meteorological driving data set (http://dam. Itpcas.ac.cn/rs/?q=data#CMFD_0.1), the data of the second phase were the application of MODIS surface temperature products (MOD11A1/A2 and MYD11A1/A2) with a spatial resolution of 1 km. In addition, the soil type data required by the model came from the China Soil Database (V1.1) and have a resolution of 1 km. At the same time, the topography was also considered. The research area was classified into 88 types based on the measured soil thermophysical parameters and land cover types, and then the simulation was performed. The annual average ground temperature simulation results were compared with the field measured data, and the results showed that they were highly consistent. The simulation results show that the annual average ground temperature is lower than -2.0 °C in high mountain areas such as Kunlun Mountain and Tanggula Mountain, while that in the higher river valleys such as Tuotuohe is above 0 °C. In the high plain areas (such as Beiluhe Basin and Wudaoliang Basin), the annual average ground temperatures are between -2.0 °C and 0 °C. If taking an annual average ground temperature lower than 0 °C as the threshold for the presence or absence of permafrost, the permafrost of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor accounts for 78.9% of the entire area. In the meantime, according to the different ground temperatures, the frozen soils of the Qinghai-Tibet Engineering Corridor are divided into four types: low-temperature stable permafrost, low-temperature basically stable permafrost, high-temperature unstable permafrost and high-temperature extremely unstable permafrost.
NIU Fujun, YIN Guoan
In east Asia, institute of atmospheric physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences key laboratory of regional climate and environment development of regional integration environment with independent copyright system model RIEMS 2.0, on the basis of the regional climate model RIEMS 2.0 in the United States center for atmospheric research and the development of the university of binzhou mesoscale model (MM5) is a static dynamic framework, coupled with some physical processes needed for the study climate solutions.These processes include the biosphere - atmosphere transmission solutions, using FC80 closed Grell cumulus parameterization scheme, MRF planetary boundary condition and modify the CCM3 radiation, such as the heihe river basin observation and remote sensing data of important parameters in the model for second rate, USES the heihe river basin vegetation data list data of land use in 2000 and 30 SEC DEM data in heihe river basin, build up suitable for the study of heihe river basin ecological - hydrological processes of the regional climate model. Drive field: ERA-INTERIM reanalysis data Spatial scope: the grid center of the simulation area is located at (40.30n, 99.50e), the horizontal resolution is 3 km, and the number of simulated grid points in the model is 161 (meridional) X 201 (zonal). Projection: LAMBERT conformal projection, two standard latitudes of 30N and 60N. Time range: from January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2016, with an interval of 6 hours Description of file contents: monthly storage by grads without format.Except the maximum and minimum temperature as the daily scale, the other variables are all 6-hour data. MATLAB can be used to read, visible tmax_erain_xiong_heihe.m file description. Data description of heihe river basin: 1) Anemometer west wind (m/s) college usurf for short 2) Anemometer south wind(m/s), vsurf for short College 3) Anemometer temperature (deg) K tsurf College 4) maximal temperature (deg) K tmax 5) minimal temperature (deg K) abbreviated as tmin 6) college Anemom specific humidity (g/kg) college qsurf for short 7) value (mm/hr) is simply value p College 8) Accumulated evaporation (mm/hr) evap 9) sensible heat (watts/m**2/hr) for short College 10) Accumulated net infrared radiation (watts/m * * 2 / hr) netrad for short College definition file name: -erain-xiong. Month and year
XIONG Zhe
CMADS (The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for The SWAT model) The soil temperature component (hereinafter referred to as cmads-st) USES The China Meteorological Administration Land Data Assimilation System [CLDAS] to force The common Land surface model3.5 [CLM3.5]) (Community Land model, numerical simulation of Land surface, circulation 10 spin - up simulation, get basic stability model initial field, and obtain high space-time resolution of soil temperature data sets, eventually hierarchical data model is utilized to extract, quality control, a nested loop, re-sampling, and a variety of technologies such as bilinear interpolation method is finally established. Cmads-st series data set space covers the whole east Asia (0 ° n-65 ° N, 60 ° e-160 ° E), the spatial resolution is respectively cmads-st V1.0 version: 1/3 °, cmads-st V1.1 version: 1/4 °, cmads-st V1.2 version: 1/8 ° and cmads-st V1.3 version:The above resolutions are daily (the basic resolution of the soil temperature component output in CLM3.5 mode is 1/16°, which ensures the highest resolution of the cmads-st data set is 1/16°). The time scale is 2009-2013.The data set published on this page is the cmads-st V1.0 data set (spatial resolution :1/3°).Temporal resolution: daily.Space coverage: east Asia (0 ° n-65 ° N, 60 ° e-160 ° E).Number of stations: 58,500.Supply factors: the average daily soil temperature of 10 layers (the depth of node hierarchy is in order: the first layer :0.00710063521m; the second layer :0.0279249996m; the third layer :0.0622585751m; the fourth layer :0.118865065m; the fifth layer :0.2121934m; the sixth layer :0.3660658m; the seventh layer :0.619758487m; the eighth layer :1.03802705m; the ninth layer :1.72763526m;Floor 10 :2.8646071m).Provide data format: TXT. The path of the cmads-st V1.0 soil temperature data set is: CMADS - ST - V1.0\2009 \ layer1 V1.0\2009 \ layer10 to CMADS - ST CMADS - ST - V1.0\2010 \ layer1 V1.0\2010 \ layer10 to CMADS - ST CMADS - ST - V1.0\2011 \ layer1 V1.0\2011 \ layer10 to CMADS - ST CMADS - ST - V1.0\2012 \ layer1 V1.0\2012 \ layer10 to CMADS - ST CMADS - ST - V1.0\2013 \ layer1 V1.0\2013 \ layer10 to CMADS - ST Cmads-st V1.0 subset file path and file name description Where, daily soil temperature (ten layers) is shown in layer1-layer10\.Are located in the following directories (take 2009 as an example): \2009\layer1\ 2009 layer1 (0.00710063521m) soil temperature directory \2009\layer2\ 2009 layer2 (0.0279249996m) soil temperature directory \2009\layer3\ 2009 layer3 (0.0622585751m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer4\ 2009 layer4 (0.118865065m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer5\ 2009 layer5 (0.2121934m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer6\ 2009 layer6 (0.3660658m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer7\ 2009 layer7 (0.619758487m) soil temperature directory \2009\layer8\ 2009 layer8 (1.03802705m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer9\ 2009 layer9 (1.72763526m) soil temperature catalogue \2009\layer10\ 2009 10th layer (2.8646071m) soil temperature catalogue
Meng Xianyong, Wang Hao
Solar radiation data were obtained using the internationally accepted solar radiation meter (LI200SZ, LI-COR, Inc., USA). The measured data are total solar radiation, including direct and diffuse solar radiation, with a wavelength range of 400-1100 nm. The units of the measurement results are W/㎡, and the typical error under natural lighting is ±3% (within an incident angle of 60°). Data from different locations in the three poles (Everest Station and Namco Station on the Tibetan Plateau, Sodankylä Station in the Arctic, and Dome A Station in the Antarctic) are derived from site cooperation and website downloads. The temporal coverage of data from the Everest Station and Namco Station on the Tibetan Plateau is from 2009 to 2016, that from the Sodankylä Station in the Arctic is from 2001 to 2017, and that from the Dome A Station in the Antarctic is from 2005 to 2014.
BAI Jianhui
The Tibetan Plateau Glacier Data –TPG2013 is a glacial coverage data on the Tibetan Plateau around 2013. 128 Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images were selected with 30-m spatial resolution, for comparability with previous and current glacier inventories. Besides, about 20 images acquired in 2014 were used to complete the full coverage of the TP. The most frequent year in this period was defined as the reference year for the mosaic image: i.e. 2013. Glacier outlines were digitized on-screen manually from the 2013 image mosaic, relying on false-colour image composites (RGB by bands 654), which allowed us to distinguish ice/snow from cloud. Debris-free ice was distinguished from the debris and debris-covered ice by its higher reflectance. Debris-covered ice was not delineated in this data. [To minimize the effects of snow or cloud cover on glacierized areas, high-resolution (30 m spatial resolution and 4-day repetition cycle) images were also used for reference in glacier delineation from the Chinese satellites HJ-1A and HJ-1B, which were launched on Sep.6th 2008. Both carried as payload two 4-band CCD cameras with swath width 700 km (360 km per camera). All HJ-1A/1B data in 2012, 2013 and 2014 (65 scenes, Fig.S1, Table S1) were from China Centre for Resources Satellite Data and Application (CRESDA; http://www.cresda.com/n16/n92006/n92066/n98627/index.html). Each scene was orthorectified with respect to the 30m-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Landsat images.] The delineated glacier outlines were compared with band-ratio (e.g. TM3/TM5) results, and validated by overlapping them onto Google Earth imagery, SRTM DEM, topographic maps and corresponding satellite images. Topographic maps from the 1970s and all available satellite images (including Google EarthTM imagery and HJ-1A/1B satellite data) were used as base reference data. For areas with mountain shadows and snow cover, they were verified by different methods using data from different seasons. For glaciers in deep shadow, Google EarthTM imagery from different dates was used as the reference for manual delineation. Steep slopes or headwalls were also excluded in the TPG2013. Areas that appeared in any of these sources to have the characteristics of exposed ground/basement/bed rock were manually delineated as non-glacier, and were also cross-checked with CGI-1 and CGI-2. Steep hanging glaciers were included in TPG2013 if they were identifiable on images in all three epochs (i.e. TPG1976, TPG2001, and TPG2013). The accuracy of manual digitization was controlled within one half-pixel. All glacier areas were calculated on the WGS84 spheroid in an Albers equal-area map projection centred at (95°E, 30°N) with standard parallels at 15°N and 65°N. Our results showed that the relative deviation of manual interpretation was less than 3.9%.
YE Qinghua
The land cover classification product is the second phase product of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI), with a spatial resolution of 300 meters and a temporal coverage of 1992-2015. The spatial coverage is latitude -90-90 degrees, longitude -180-180 degrees, and the coordinate system is the geographic coordinate WGS84. The classification of the surface coverage is based on the Land Cover Classification System (LCCS) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. When the data are used for scientific research purposes, the ESA CCI Land Cover project should be acknowledged. In addition, the published article should be send to contact@esalandcover-cci.org.
XU Xiyan
This data set contains the daily values of temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and total radiation observed at the Namco station from 1 October 2005 to 31 December 2016. The data set was processed as a continuous time series after the original data were quality controlled. After the systematic error caused by missing data points and sensor failure was eliminated, the data set reaches the accuracy of raw meteorological observation data required by the National Weather Service and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). The data can provide information for professionals engaged in scientific research and training related to atmospheric physics, atmospheric environment, climate, glaciers, frozen soils and other disciplines. This data set has mainly been applied in the fields of glaciology, climatology, environmental change, cold zone hydrological processes, frozen soil science, etc. The measured parameters had the following units and accuracies: Air temperature, unit: °C, accuracy: 0.1 °C; air relative humidity, unit: %, accuracy: 0.1%; wind speed, unit: m/s, accuracy: 0.1 m/s; wind direction, unit: °, accuracy: 0.1 °; air pressure, unit: hPa, accuracy: 0.1 hPa; precipitation, unit: mm, accuracy: 0.1 mm; total radiation, unit: W/m2, accuracy: 0.1 W/m2.
WANG Yuanwei, WU Guangjian
The Karuola Glacier of Tibet is located at the junction of Langkazi County, the Shannan Area of the Tibetan Autonomous Region and Jiangzi County of the Shigatse Region. Latitude: 28°54'23.30′′～28°56'50.95′′N, Longitude 90°11′42.21′′～90°09′26.23′′E. It is a continental glacier with an average elevation of 5042 meters. It is the north-south spreading part of the Ningjingangsang peak. Based on the integration of the first glacier inventory data of China from the Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute，Chinese Academy of Sciences, the 1:100,000 inventory data of the Yarlu Zangbu River Basin Glacier from the Sharing Platform for the Earth Systematic Science Data, and Google Earth remote sensing image and field survey data, the dataset was obtained with the help of ArcGIS, ENVI and other software by the following steps: first, the research and development of the data was achieved by band combination, research area clipping, manual visual interpretation and other techniques, and the accuracy of the obtained data was then verified. This dataset includes a total of 25 statistics of vector and area data of Tibet’s Karuola Glacier. It recorded the changes at the borders of Karuola Glacier in the past 45 years and could be used as reference data for the study of glacier and climate changes on the Tibetan Plateau.
QIU Yubao, FU Wenxue
The variation in the duration of snow on the Tibetan Plateau is relatively great, and the high mountainous areas around the plateau are rich in snow and ice resources. Taking full account of the terrain of the Tibetan Plateau and the snow characteristics in the mountains, the data set adopted AVHRR data to gradually realize generating data products for daily, ten-day, and monthly snow cover areas while maintaining the snow classification accuracy. These data included the daily/10-day/monthly snow cover area data for the Tibetan Plateau from 2007 to 2015, the average accuracy of which is 0.92. It can provide reliable data for snow changes during the historical periods of the Tibetan Plateau.
QIU Yubao
This data set includes daily average data of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, wind direction, net radiance, and atmospheric pressure from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2016 derived from the Integrated Observation and Research Station of the Alpine Environment in Southeast Tibet. The data set has been used by students and researchers in the fields of meteorology, atmospheric environment and ecological research. The units of the various meteorological elements are as follows: temperature °C; precipitation mm; relative humidity %; wind speed m/s; wind direction °; net radiance W/m2; pressure hPa; and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm μg/m3. All the data are the daily averages calculated from the raw observations. Observations and data collection were carried out in strict accordance with the instrument operating specifications and the guidelines published in relevant academic journals; data with obvious errors were eliminated during processing, and null values were used to represent the missing data. In 2015, due to issues related to the age of the observation probe at the station, only the wind speed data for the last 8 months were retained.
Luo Lun
This data set includes the daily averages of the temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, global radiation, P2.5 concentration and other meteorological elements observed by the Qomolangma Station for Atmospheric and Environmental Observation and Research from 2005 to 2016. The data are aimed to provide service for students and researchers engaged in meteorological research on the Tibetan Plateau. The precipitation data are observed by artificial rainfall barrel, the evaporation data are observed by Φ20 mm evaporating pan, and all the others are daily averages and ten-day means obtained after half hour observational data are processed. All the data are observed and collected in strict accordance with the Equipment Operating Specifications, and some obvious error data are eliminated when processing the generated data.
MA Yaoming
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